Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

March 27, 2023, by Gintaras Razaitis

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Bipolar II disorder, a type of bipolar disorder that involves recurring episodes of hypomania and depression, is less common than type I, accounting for approximately 40% of all cases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the disorder affects approximately 60 million people worldwide, with around 4.4% of adults suffering from it at some point in their lives in the United States alone. Approximately 2.8% of the US population had been diagnosed with the disorder in the past year.

The disorder can significantly impact an individual’s life, including their ability to work, maintain relationships, and carry out daily activities. The condition also links to a greater risk of suicide, as up to 20% of individuals with the disorder takes one’s life.

What is Bipolar Disorder?

Alternating mood swings between depression and hypomania are the critical characteristics of the disorder. Usually, those episodes are less intense and shorter in duration than manic and depressive episodes seen in Bipolar I disorder. Unipolar depression, often called Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), is a prevalent mental health condition characterized by recurrent periods of intense sadness, loss of interest, and a range of emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms. Contrary to bipolar disorders, which include manic and depressive episodes, unipolar depression exhibits a lack of manic or hypomanic episodes. This distinction underscores the significance of understanding the unique features of unipolar depression and the importance of targeted interventions to alleviate its impact on individuals’ lives.

Bipolar II disorder typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood.

Causes and Risk Factors

The cause of Bipolar II disorder is not well understood, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors is believed to contribute to the development of the disorder:

• Family history/ genetics. Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. If you have a close family member with the disorder, there is a higher probability that you might develop it. People who have a first-degree relative with this disorder are six times more likely to develop the disorder,
• Problems during childhood or adolescence. Some studies have shown that children and adolescents who have experienced various forms of abuse, neglect, or trauma are at a higher risk of developing bipolar II,
• Personality traits. People with certain personality traits, such as high neuroticism, are at a higher risk of developing bipolar II.

Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder

The symptoms of the Bipolar disorder can range from mild to severe and include the following:

• Recurring episodes of depression, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in usual activities,
• Recurring episodes of hypomania, characterized by euphoria, excessive energy, and reduced need for sleep,
• Impulsivity, reckless behavior, and poor judgment are often seen during hypomanic episodes,
• Difficulty maintaining relationships, school, or work may be due to mood swings.

The diagnosis of the disorder is established through a comprehensive evaluation of symptoms, which involves a thorough review of medical and psychiatric history. This assessment also includes a mental health evaluation. A mental health professional will also rule out other conditions that may mimic the disorder’s symptoms. These conditions include unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, or substance abuse.

Effective Treatment Options for Bipolar Disorder

Treatment for Bipolar disorder typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy:

• Medication. Mood-stabilizing medications, such as anticonvulsants or lithium, are good treatment options that help regulate mood swings. Doctors may also prescribe antidepressants, but they need to administer them carefully since they can induce manic episodes in some individuals with the disorder,
• Psychotherapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of psychotherapy can also be effective treatment modalities. The psychotherapist will try to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors and teach coping skills to manage symptoms. Family therapy can also be beneficial, helping individuals with the disorder and their loved ones better understand and manage the condition,
• Self-care. While seeking treatment for the disorder is crucial, managing your symptoms and maintaining self-care simultaneously is essential. This means that even if you are not receiving treatment, you should improve your mental health and well-being through proper self-care, which might be challenging without proper treatment.

Managing the symptoms

You can work to manage your symptoms while living with Bipolar disorder in several ways. These include:

• Getting proper treatment. Individuals with the disorder should continue to visit doctors regularly. Take your medication as prescribed and inform your doctor of any side effects. It is essential to keep your doctor informed about any changes to your condition,
• Participating in self-help groups. These can provide you with a network of support and help you connect with people who have been through what you’re experiencing,
• Getting enough night’s rest. Sleep deprivation is common in people with the disorder and can worsen symptoms; thus, getting enough quality sleep can help to keep your mood and energy levels balanced,
• Eating healthy. Eating a balanced diet can help you to maintain a healthy weight and energy balance. It can also help to prevent or manage certain conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or heart disease,
• Managing stress. Stress can worsen symptoms of the disorder and overall health. You can manage your stress in several ways, including exercising, practicing mindfulness, or engaging in yoga.

Living with Bipolar II disorder can be challenging, but with proper treatment and support, many individuals can successfully manage their symptoms and lead productive and fulfilling lives. An individualized treatment plan that addresses the individual’s needs and goals, created in collaboration with their healthcare provider, is essential. Seeking professional help promptly is crucial if you suspect that you or a loved one may have Bipolar II disorder. Individuals with the disorder can lead fulfilling and productive lives with the proper support and resources.

Conclusion

Alternating mood swings between depression and hypomania are the central factors of Bipolar II disorder. It typically affects individuals in late adolescence or early adulthood. The presence of recurring hypomanic and depressive episodes can help to recognize the disorder. While the exact cause of the disorder is not fully understood, scientists think that a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors is believed to contribute to its development.

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Note: This article provides information and education only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician regarding any questions about a medical condition. Consult another qualified health provider for additional guidance if needed.

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